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1 fourth oil ring
Техника: четвёртое маслосъемное кольцо -
2 четвёртое маслосъемное кольцо
Engineering: fourth oil ringУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > четвёртое маслосъемное кольцо
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3 gear
1) зубчатая передача; шестерня || входить в зацепление2) механизм; привод; устройство•- axle drive gear
- axle driven gear
- axle shaft gear
- belt gear
- bevel gear
- bottom gear
- brake gear
- cam gear
- cam-and-double-roller steering gear
- cam-and-lever steering gear
- cam-and-roller steering gear
- camshaft gear
- cardan gear
- center gear
- central gear
- chain gear
- chevron gear
- clutch gear
- conical gear
- connecting gear
- constant-mesh gear
- control gear
- coolant pump drive gear
- crank gear
- crawler gear
- crown gear
- cruising gear
- cylindrical gear
- differential gear
- direct gear
- disconnecting gear
- distributor gear
- draw gear
- drive gear
- driven gear
- drive-through gear
- driving gear
- dumping gear
- epicyclic gear
- external gear
- first gear
- follower gear
- fourth gear
- friction gear
- helical gear
- high gear
- hoisting gear
- hollow gear
- hydraulic gear
- hypoid gear
- idler gear
- indirect gear
- injection pump drive gear
- intermediate gear
- internal gear
- involute gear
- landing gear
- leveling gear
- lifting gear
- low gear
- mating gears
- meshing gears
- nut-and-lever steering gear
- nut-and-sector steering gear
- oil gear
- oil-pump gear
- outer gear
- overdrive gear
- parking lock gear
- peg-and-worm steering gear
- pinion gear
- planet gear
- planetary gear
- rack gear
- rack-and-pinion steering gear
- ratchet gear
- recirculating ball steering gear
- recirculating ball-and-nut steering gear
- reduction gear
- reverse gear
- reversing gear
- ring gear
- running gear
- satellite gear
- screw, nut and sector steering gear
- screw-and-nut steering gear
- second gear
- segment gear
- servo-assisted steering gear
- side gear
- speedometer gear
- spiral bevel gear
- spiral gear
- spur gear
- starter gear
- steering gear
- stem gear
- sun gear
- third gear
- three-way tipping gear
- timing gear
- tipping gear
- top gear
- valve gear
- variable-ratio steering gear
- worm gear
- worm-and-sector steering gear* * *• передача• передача; конкретная шестерня в коробке* * *1) передача; 2) механизм; 3) шестерня -
4 Arnold, John
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 1735/6 Bodmin (?), Cornwall, Englandd. 25 August 1799 Eltham, London, England[br]English clock, watch, and chronometer maker who invented the isochronous helical balance spring and an improved form of detached detent escapement.[br]John Arnold was apprenticed to his father, a watchmaker, and then worked as an itinerant journeyman in the Low Countries and, later, in England. He settled in London in 1762 and rapidly established his reputation at Court by presenting George III with a miniature repeating watch mounted in a ring. He later abandoned the security of the Court for a more precarious living developing his chronometers, with some financial assistance from the Board of Longitude. Symbolically, in 1771 he moved from the vicinity of the Court at St James's to John Adam Street, which was close to the premises of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures \& Commerce.By the time Arnold became interested in chronometry, Harrison had already demonstrated that longitude could be determined by means of a timekeeper, and the need was for a simpler instrument that could be sold at an affordable price for universal use at sea. Le Roy had shown that it was possible to dispense with a remontoire by using a detached escapement with an isochronous balance; Arnold was obviously thinking along the same lines, although he may not have been aware of Le Roy's work. By 1772 Arnold had developed his detached escapement, a pivoted detent which was quite different from that used on the European continent, and three years later he took out a patent for a compensation balance and a helical balance spring (Arnold used the spring in torsion and not in tension as Harrison had done). His compensation balance was similar in principle to that described by Le Roy and used riveted bimetallic strips to alter the radius of gyration of the balance by moving small weights radially. Although the helical balance spring was not completely isochronous it was a great improvement on the spiral spring, and in a later patent (1782) he showed how it could be made more truly isochronous by shaping the ends. In this form it was used universally in marine chronometers.Although Arnold's chronometers performed well, their long-term stability was less satisfactory because of the deterioration of the oil on the pivot of the detent. In his patent of 1782 he eliminated this defect by replacing the pivot with a spring, producing the spring detent escapement. This was also done independendy at about the same time by Berthoud and Earnshaw, although Earnshaw claimed vehemently that Arnold had plagiarized his work. Ironically it was Earnshaw's design that was finally adopted, although he had merely replaced Arnold's pivoted detent with a spring, while Arnold had completely redesigned the escapement. Earnshaw also improved the compensation balance by fusing the steel to the brass to form the bimetallic element, and it was in this form that it began to be used universally for chronometers and high-grade watches.As a result of the efforts of Arnold and Earnshaw, the marine chronometer emerged in what was essentially its final form by the end of the eighteenth century. The standardization of the design in England enabled it to be produced economically; whereas Larcum Kendall was paid £500 to copy Harrison's fourth timekeeper, Arnold was able to sell his chronometers for less than one-fifth of that amount. This combination of price and quality led to Britain's domination of the chronometer market during the nineteenth century.[br]Bibliography30 December 1775, "Timekeepers", British patent no. 1,113.2 May 1782, "A new escapement, and also a balance to compensate the effects arising from heat and cold in pocket chronometers, and for incurving the ends of the helical spring…", British patent no. 1,382.Further ReadingR.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press (provides an overview).V.Mercer, 1972, John Arnold \& Son Chronometer Makers 1726–1843, London.See also: Phillips, EdouardDV
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